Reply to thread

See what others are reading now! Try Forums > Current Activity

Message: <blockquote data-quote="limfk7" data-source="post: 1554652" data-attributes="member: 23410">definition of toluene, you get it from paint shoptolueneOther names methylbenzenephenylmethaneMolecular formula C7H8SMILES Cc1ccccc1Molar mass 92.14 g/molAppearance Clear, colourless liquidCAS number [108-88-3]PropertiesDensity and phase 0.8669 g/cm3, liquidSolubility in water 0.053 g/100 mL (20-25°C)In ethanol,acetone, hexane,dichloromethane Fully miscibleMelting point -93 °C (180 K)/(-135.4°F)Boiling point 110.6 °C (383.8 K)/ 231.08°FCritical Temperature 320 °C (593 K)/ 608°FViscosity 0.590 cP at 20°C/ 68°FDipole moment 0.36 DHazardsMSDS External MSDSMain hazards highly flammableNFPA 704 Image:nfpa_h2.pngImage:nfpa_f4.pngImage:nfpa_r0.pngFlash point 4 °C/ 39.2 °FR-phrases R11, R20S-phrases S16, S25, S29, S33RTECS number XS5250000Supplementary data pageStructure & properties n, εr, etc.Thermodynamic data Phase behaviourSolid, liquid, gasSpectral data UV, IR, NMR, MSRelated compoundsRelated aromatichydrocarbons benzenexylenenaphthaleneRelated compounds methylcyclohexaneExcept where noted otherwise, data are given formaterials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa)Infobox disclaimer and referencesToluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, reminiscent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent.Contents[hide]* 1 History* 2 Chemical properties* 3 Preparation* 4 Uses* 5 Toxicology and metabolism* 6 Behavioural Effects of Long Term Exposure* 7 See also* 8 External links* 9 References[edit]HistoryThe name toluene was derived from the older name toluol that refers to tolu balsam, an aromatic extract from the tropical American tree Myroxylon balsamum, from which it was first isolated. It was originally named by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.[edit]Chemical propertiesToluene reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon towards electrophilic aromatic substitution. The methyl group makes it around 25 times more reactive than benzene in such reactions. It undergoes smooth sulfonation to give p-toluenesulfonic acid, and chlorination by Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 to give ortho and para isomers of chlorotoluene. It undergoes nitration to give ortho and para nitrotoluene isomers, but if heated it can give dinitrotoluene and ultimately the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT).With other reagents the methyl side chain in toluene may react, undergoing oxidation. Reaction with Potassium permanganate leads to benzoic acid, whereas chromyl chloride leads to benzaldehyde. Halogenation can be performed under free radical conditions. For example, NBS heated with toluene in the presence of AIBN leads to benzyl bromide.Catalytic hydrogenation of toluene to methylcyclohexane requires a high pressure of hydrogen to go to completion, because of the stability of the aromatic system.[edit]PreparationToluene occurs naturally at low levels in crude oil and is usually produced in the processes of making gasoline via a catalytic reformer, in an ethylene cracker or making coke from coal. Final separation (either via distillation or solvent extraction) takes place in a BTX plant.[edit]UsesToluene is a common solvent, able to dissolve: paints, paint thinners, many chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink, adhesives (glues), lacquers, leather tanners, and disinfectants. It can also be used as a fullerene indicator, and is a raw material for toluene diisocyanate (used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam), phenol and TNT. Toluene can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines. Industrial uses of toluene include dealkylation to benzene and disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and xylene.[edit]Toxicology and metabolismMain article: Toluene (toxicology)Inhalation of toluene fumes can be intoxicating, but in larger doses nausea-inducing. Chronic or frequent inhalation of toluene over long time periods leads to irreversible brain damage. Toluene may enter the human system not only through vapour inhalation from the liquid evaporation, but also following soil contamination events, where human contact with soil, ingestion of contaminated groundwater or soil vapour off-gassing can occur.The toxicity of toluene can be explained mostly by its metabolism. As toluene has very low water solubility, it cannot exit the body via the normal routes (urine, feces, or sweat). It must be metabolized in order to be excreted. The methyl group of toluene is more easily oxidized by cytochrome P450 than the benzene ring. Therefore, in the metabolism of toluene, 95% is oxidized to become benzyl alcohol. The toxic metabolites are created by the remaining 5% that are ring oxidized to epoxides. Most of the epoxides become glutathione conjugated. However, the remainder will severely damage cells.The metabolism of tolueneToluene is mainly excreted as benzoic acid and hippuric acid, both formed by further metabolic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.The metabolism of benzyl alcohol[edit]Behavioural Effects of Long Term ExposureSerious adverse behavioural effects are often associated with toluene abuse related to the deliberate inhalation of solvents.4 Long term toluene exposure is often associated with effects such as: psychoorganic syndrome;5 visual evoked potential (VEP) abnormality;5 toxic polyneuropathy, cerebellar, cognitive, and pyramidal dysfunctions;5 optic atrophy; and brain lesions.4Toluene causes postural tremors by increasing extracellular concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the cerebellar cortex.4 Treatment with GABA agonists such as, benzodiazepines provide some relief from toluene induced tremor and ataxia.4 An alternative to drug treatment is vim thalamotomy.4 The tremors associated with toluene misuse do not seem to be a transient symptom, but an irreversible and progressive symptom which continues after solvent abuse has been discontinued.4There is some evidence that low level toluene exposure may cause disruption in the differentiation of astrocyte precursor cells.6 This does not appear to be a major hazard to adults; however, exposure of pregnant women to toluene during critical stages of fetal development could cause serious disruption to neuronal development.6</blockquote>

Verification

The Marketplace Latest

original rare Rays Volk Racing CE28 16x7jj offset...
- Started by david tao
- Chassis and Wheels
Honda Jazz/Fit JSracing GTwing Spoiler
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Toyota Vios NCP93 front bonnet hood
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Honda civic fc varis spoiler
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
BMW F10 Msport front bumper set
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
BMW F30 M3/GTS front bonnet hood
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
BMW F10 vorsteiner rear bumper diffuser
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Mitsubishi Lancer Evo bodykit
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
BMW F30 M3 front skirt lip
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body
Honda Civic FC fk7si front bumper set
- Started by jeff6126
- Exterior and Body

Posts refresh every 5 minutes

Cancelled: 2017 Sepang 12 Hours

SRO has announced the cancellation of the Sepang 12 Hours that was set to commence next month, from December 4th - 10th. This is...

Turbo for sale/parts

bros,

Have these items for sale :

Garrett GT38 BB turbo with manifold and HKS 40mm wastegate = offer
( ar/1.10 / 1.15 ) Very big and wicked turbine,reason selling change to smaller turbine.
Anyone wants to...

GTROC UK Welcome Us

Ladies and Gentlemen,

When I was in Japan last month, I had the opportunity to meet up with John Fuggles the Chairman of GTR Owners Club – United Kingdom

Do not be intimidated with...